WET Design
WET Design has established itself as a preeminent force in the realm of water feature technology, fundamentally redefining the art and engineering of fountain design. Since its inception, the company has been characterized by a relentless pursuit of innovation, resulting in a diverse lineup of proprietary fountain devices that have powered some of the world's most iconic and breathtaking aquatic spectacles. This report delves into the technical intricacies of WET Design's fountain devices, examining their features, specifications, and the specific installations where they have been deployed. A significant aspect of WET's technological prowess is anchored in an extensive portfolio of patents, primarily developed under the guidance of founder Mark Fuller. These patents cover a wide array of systems, including advanced laminar flow nozzles, powerful compressed air-driven water shooters, sophisticated robotic and articulated nozzles, integrated pavement water displays, digital water and pixelated screens, dynamic ice formation and sculpting mechanisms, and the seamless integration of fire and specialized lighting with water effects. The company's success is built not only on artistic vision but profoundly on these engineered, often hidden, systems that enable the creation of novel and surprising water forms. This document synthesizes scattered information from publicly available records, technical articles, and patent filings to provide a comprehensive understanding of WET Design's technological contributions and their global impact.
2. WET Design: Pioneering Water Feature Technology
2.1. Company Overview and Design Philosophy
WET Design was founded in 1983 by Mark Fuller, Melanie Simon, and Alan Robinson, all of whom were former Disney Imagineers.[1] Initially established as WET Enterprises, Inc., an acronym for Water Entertainment Technologies, the company's name was later changed to WET Design in 1985, and subsequently simplified to WET.[1] This evolution in name reflects a focused identity centered on the design and engineering of complex water features.
The core design philosophy of WET is distinctive: the water itself is intended to be the primary element of artistic expression, often with all mechanical components meticulously concealed from view.[1, 2, 3] This principle dictates that the fountains should not merely be statuary covered by water, but rather, the water itself should form the sculpture, displaying novel and surprising forms not seen in traditional fountains.[1] This approach necessitates significant engineering to create submersible and hidden solutions for water delivery, lighting, and mechanical movement. WET's installations are characterized by few, if any, boundaries between the fountain and its viewers, fostering a more immersive and interactive experience.[1] Many of their fountains exhibit complex choreographic movement, a testament to the sophisticated control systems underpinning their operation.
To achieve these ambitious designs, WET employs a diverse, multidisciplinary team comprising architects, artists, chemists, model makers, lighting and sound specialists, and various engineering disciplines.[2, 4, 5] This interdisciplinary structure is fundamental to their innovative capacity, allowing for a seamless integration of artistic vision with robust engineering solutions. Such collaboration enables the conceptualization and realization of water effects that might otherwise be unachievable. The company holds a significant number of patents, exceeding 60 by some accounts, which cover lighting, water control, and specialized fountain devices, particularly those utilizing air compression technology.[1, 4]
2.2. Mark Fuller: The Innovator and His Vision
Mark Fuller, the principal founder of WET Design, has been the driving force behind the company's technological innovation and artistic direction. His fascination with water and fountains began early in his life.[6] His academic pursuits laid a critical foundation for his later work; he graduated from the University of Utah with a degree in civil engineering, where his honors thesis focused on fluid mechanics and the principle of laminar flow.[6, 7] Notably, this thesis was not purely theoretical; Fuller, along with fellow students, built an actual fountain to demonstrate laminar flow principles, which became the world's first permanent laminar flow fountain installed at The Conquistador apartments in Salt Lake City.[6, 8] He further honed his expertise by obtaining a master's degree in mechanical engineering and product design from Stanford University, a program jointly offered by the College of Engineering and the College of Fine Art.[6, 7]
Before co-founding WET, Fuller worked as an Imagineer for The Walt Disney Company. It was here that he applied and refined the laminar flow technology he had developed, creating the iconic Leapfrog fountain at Epcot Center.[1, 6, 7] This early success demonstrated a clear pathway from academic research to impactful commercial application and became a cornerstone of WET's technological offerings.
Fuller's vision for WET extends beyond mere entertainment; he has often stated that his mission is to create public spaces that foster connections—among people, with nature, and with their inner selves.[7] He describes water as a powerful medium, capable of being both an "antagonist and protagonist".[2] His innovative approach often involves starting with simple forms to achieve complex patterns and aiming to make people perceive familiar elements like water and fire "as though it were for the first time".[3, 9] This ambition to create large-scale, immersive, and emotionally resonant installations necessitates the development of powerful and versatile fountain devices capable of producing such grand and novel effects. Fuller's ability to approach complex problems with creativity and resolve has been a defining characteristic of his career and WET's enduring success.[7]
3. Core Fountain Devices and Patented Technologies
WET Design's reputation for creating unparalleled water experiences is built upon a foundation of proprietary devices and patented technologies. These innovations allow for precise control over water in its various forms, as well as its integration with other elements like light, fire, and ice.
3.1. Laminar Flow Systems
Laminar flow, a smooth, non-turbulent stream of water that appears glass-like or rod-like, is a foundational technology for WET Design.[3] Mark Fuller's initial explorations into achieving this effect involved practical methods such as using drinking straws and mesh screens to minimize turbulence within the water stream.[3] This early work, stemming from his university thesis project, evolved into one of WET's most visually distinct innovations.[6, 7, 8]
The primary characteristic of laminar flow systems is their ability to produce exceptionally clear, cohesive streams of water. These streams can maintain their integrity over considerable distances, allowing them to arc gracefully and create precise, well-defined water shapes. This inherent sculptural quality aligns perfectly with WET's philosophy of "water as sculpture," where the water itself is the artistic medium.[2, 3]
A specific and notable manipulation of laminar flow technology by WET is the WaterBells™ device. These systems are engineered to shape laminar flow fountains into elegant, dome-shaped sheets of water, adding another dimension to the repertoire of effects achievable with this technology.[1] The evolution of WET's laminar flow technology is evident, progressing from Fuller's initial thesis fountain and the Leapfrog fountain at Epcot to more advanced and visually complex applications such as the WaterBells™ and the intensely colored, colliding laminar arcs of the Lumia feature at CityCenter.[1, 10]
The proprietary nature of WET's laminar flow technology is underscored by patents. US Patent 4,795,092A, titled "Laminar flow nozzle," with Mark Fuller as the inventor, is explicitly linked to this technology.[1, 11] This patent presumably details the specific design features of the nozzle that are critical for minimizing turbulence and generating the characteristic smooth, coherent flow.
Notable installations showcasing WET's laminar flow systems include: • The Leapfrog Fountain at Epcot, Walt Disney World, Florida.[1, 7]
• The WaterBells™ feature at the Global Trade Center in Beijing, China, which premiered this specific laminar manipulation.[1]
• The Lumia feature at Aria Resort & Casino, CityCenter, Las Vegas, which utilizes precisely controlled, colored laminar arcs.[10, 12]
3.2. Compressed Air-Powered Shooters
A signature technology of WET Design is its range of Shooter devices, which utilize compressed air to propel water with remarkable force and precision. This method is reportedly more energy-efficient than traditional high-power pumps, consuming approximately 20% of the energy for comparable effects, and allows for the creation of rapid, high-energy bursts of water.[1, 3, 10]
The fundamental system, as detailed in patents such as US4852801A, typically comprises a pressure-resistant enclosure or chamber, a nozzle at its upper end, a compressed air storage tank, a first valve means (often a solenoid valve) to controllably couple the compressed air to the water, an air compressor to charge the storage tank, and a control system.[13] The pressure within the air storage tank can be varied, often by computer control, to precisely modulate the height of the water shots.[13] An important feature is an automatic refilling mechanism, which can be a flapper valve at the bottom of the chamber or achieved by positioning the nozzle slightly below the water level of the surrounding pool, allowing the chamber to refill between firings.[13]
WET Design has developed a lineup of Shooter devices, scaled to achieve a wide range of effects and heights:
• NanoShooters™: The smallest in the series, these are designed for effects reaching heights of up to 6 feet.[3] It is important to distinguish these from an industrial fluid dispensing product also named "NanoShot" (detailed in [14, 15]), which is not a WET Design fountain component.
• MicroShooters™: Capable of propelling water up to 60 feet.[3] These have been utilized in installations such as the International Fountain in Seattle (56 units) [16, 17] and the Fanfare fountain at San Pedro Gateway.[18]
• MiniShooters™: This was the first patented Shooter introduced by WET in 1988.[1] They were first deployed at the Seto Ohashi Exhibition in Sakaide City, Japan.[1] Notable installations include the Fountains of Bellagio (798 units, projecting water up to 100-120 feet) [19, 20, 21], the Olympic Cauldron in Sochi (246 units, up to 30 meters) [22], and the San Pedro Gateway fountains.[18]
• SuperShooters™: These devices achieve greater heights and volumes. At the Fountains of Bellagio, 192 units are used, reaching heights of 220-240 feet.[19, 20] The International Fountain in Seattle incorporates 4 SuperShooters capable of 120-foot heights, using 66 gallons of water per shot with an air pressure of 120 psi.[16, 17] The Dubai Fountain also employs SuperShooters that can reach up to 73 meters (240 feet).[23, 24] A technical specification for the Bellagio SuperShooter includes a 12-foot tall, 12-inch diameter water reservoir tank connected to a 200 psi, 60-gallon air receiver.[19]
• HyperShooters™: Described as "man-size hypershooters" and the "warhorses of Bellagio" [10], these represent a further step up in power. The Olympic Cauldron in Sochi utilizes 6 HyperShooters that can propel water up to 70 meters.[22] (Products like the "Cygolite Hypershot" bicycle tail light found in [25, 26] are unrelated).
• XtreamShooters™ / Extreme Shooters: These are WET's most powerful Shooters, capable of launching water to extraordinary heights. At the Fountains of Bellagio, 16 units were added in 2005, reaching up to 460 feet.[19, 20, 21] The Dubai Fountain features XtreamShooters that can propel water up to 500 feet (152.4 meters), equivalent to a 50-story building.[3, 23, 24, 27] These powerful shots are often accompanied by a loud "boom" or "crack" sound as the compressed air is released, an acoustic effect that has become a signature part of their spectacle.[19, 23, 28]
The development of this Shooter line, from the MiniShooter to the XtreamShooter, shows a consistent research and development effort to push the boundaries of air-powered water propulsion, catering to the demand for increasingly spectacular displays in landmark projects.
Key patents underpinning this technology include: • US Patent 4,852,801A "Airpowered water displays," invented by Mark W. Fuller and Alan S. Robinson.[1, 13] This foundational patent details the core system of a pressure-resistant enclosure, nozzle, compressed air storage, valving, and control for transient, high-energy water streams, including automatic refilling and variable height control.
• US Patent 4,955,540A "Water displays" and US Patent 4,978,066A "Fast acting airpowered water displays," also by Fuller and Robinson, likely represent further refinements or specific embodiments of this air-powered technology.[1]
| Shooter Type | Maximum Height (Approx.) | Key Features & Specifications | Notable Installations | Key Associated Patent(s) (Presumed or Stated) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NanoShooter™ | 6 ft (1.8 m) | Smallest scale shooter | General use in smaller features (as per [3]) | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
| MicroShooter™ | 60 ft (18.3 m) | Medium-scale effects | International Fountain (Seattle), Fanfare (San Pedro Gateway) | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
| MiniShooter™ | 100–120 ft (30–36.5 m) | First patented shooter (1988) | Bellagio, Olympic Cauldron (Sochi), Seto Ohashi Exhibition, Fanfare (San Pedro Gateway) | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
| SuperShooter™ | 220–240 ft (67–73 m) | Bellagio: 12-ft tank, 12-in diameter, 200 psi, 60-gallon air receiver. Seattle: 120 ft, 66 gal/shot, 120 psi air pressure. | Bellagio, Dubai Fountain, International Fountain (Seattle) | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
| HyperShooter™ | Up to 70 m (230 ft) | "Man-size" shooters, powerful | Bellagio, Olympic Cauldron (Sochi) | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
| XtreamShooter™ / Extreme Shooter | 460–500 ft (140–152.4 m) | Most powerful, creates loud "boom" sound | Bellagio, Dubai Fountain | Part of air-powered tech (e.g., US4852801A) |
3.3. Robotic and Articulated Nozzles (Oarsmen®)
Complementing the vertical power of the Shooters, WET Design's Oarsmen® are sophisticated underwater robotic devices that provide fluid, dynamic, and expressive water movements. These nozzles are typically attached to multi-axis robotic arms or motion gimbals, allowing them to tilt, sway, spin, and articulate, directing water streams in a wide array of patterns such as fans, circles, and intricate weaving gestures.[3, 28, 29, 30] This capability allows for a richer choreographic vocabulary, particularly suited for interpreting more lyrical and legato passages in musical accompaniments, often described as creating "feminine strokes" in contrast to the Shooters' "masculine punctuation".[28, 29, 30]
The Oarsmen at the Fountains of Bellagio, for instance, are capable of shooting water up to 77 feet and moving 140 gallons of water per minute each.[20] An interesting design variation noted for some Oarsmen is their ability to draw water directly from the surrounding pool, eliminating the need for direct piping to each unit.[19] The control systems for these robotic nozzles are complex, incorporating multi-axis controllers such as Galil Motion Control's DMC-21x3, which can manage 2, 3, or 4 axes of movement, providing a scalable and precise control interface.[29, 30]
A specific variant, the Finger Fan Oarsmen, was utilized at the Olympic Cauldron in Sochi. These are described as "rotating water fan display nozzles," lit with white light, and capable of projecting water to a height of approximately 9 meters. Twelve such units were installed for the Sochi games.[22]
The development of the Oarsman concept was iterative; an early visualization technique involved a WET engineer in a raincoat holding a hose while twirling on a spinning office chair to explore potential water shapes.[8] For the original Bellagio installation, WET subcontracted the manufacturing of the Oarsmen to Sarcos, a robotics company. This process encountered unexpected design and engineering challenges, leading to cost overruns.[20] The complexity and proprietary nature of these devices are further highlighted by a document from the Port of Los Angeles, which states that the Oarsmen (along with other WET components at the San Pedro Gateway) are under a "patent without expiration," meaning only WET can operate, repair, or maintain them.[18] This underscores the specialized engineering involved in their design, underwater operation, and long-term reliability.
The term "water robots" is also mentioned in connection with The Dubai Fountain, described as making the water "seem to dance".[23, 24] While Oarsmen are explicitly defined as "robotic smart nozzles" with multi-axis movement [29, 30], the term "water robots" in some descriptions may be a more general descriptor, potentially encompassing Oarsmen or other automated elements. However, based on the available detailed descriptions, the Oarsman represents WET's primary articulated robotic nozzle system.
Key installations featuring Oarsmen include: • Fountains of Bellagio, Las Vegas (208 units reported in [20], though [21] mention 77 units; this discrepancy should be noted).
• The Dubai Fountain.[23, 24, 28]
• Performance Lake at Wynn Macau.[29, 30]
• The Olympic Cauldron, Sochi (Finger Fan Oarsmen).[22]
• San Pedro Gateway Fountains, Port of Los Angeles.[18]
3.4. Integrated Pavement Water Displays
WET Design pioneered the concept of water features that emerge directly from the ground, transforming public plazas into dynamic and interactive environments. This technology allows jets of water to appear as if by magic from small openings in the pavement, with the water subsequently vanishing back into narrow, almost invisible slots.[1, 3] This approach effectively blurs the lines between the fountain and the surrounding architecture, eliminating traditional boundaries like basins or pools and fostering greater public interaction.
The key to this effect is WET's patented "open-jointed paving" system.[1] While the specific patent number for this system is not detailed in the provided materials, its existence is consistently referenced. The engineering challenge inherent in this design lies in the seamless integration of water delivery, drainage, and structural support within the paving system itself, all while ensuring the durability, safety, and aesthetic integrity of the plaza surface. The system must support pedestrian traffic, manage water flow precisely to create the "appearing and disappearing" illusion, and withstand various environmental conditions.
The first major application of this technology was at Fountain Place in Dallas, Texas, in 1986.[1, 3, 7] This installation showcased the potential of open-jointed paving to create an element of surprise and to allow public spaces to be used in multiple ways—as a captivating water feature at one moment, and as a dry, functional plaza at another. This aligns with Mark Fuller’s broader mission of creating engaging and connective public experiences.[7] While general permeable paving and pedestal systems for paver installation exist (as discussed in [31, 32]), WET's system is a specific, patented solution tailored for their unique water effects.
3.5. Digital Water and Pixelated Displays (Water Screens/Curtains)
WET Design has developed technologies for creating dynamic images, text, and patterns using precisely controlled falling water droplets or streams, often referred to as digital water screens or water curtains. These systems essentially turn a cascade of water into a transient display medium. The underlying principle involves arrays of individually controlled, high-speed nozzles or valves that can rapidly open and close, forming a matrix of water "pixels" that, when viewed collectively, render the desired graphics.[33]
Two key patents illustrate WET's innovations in this area: • WO1996004080A1 "High definition rain curtain" (Applicant: Wet Design): This patent describes a water display apparatus designed to simulate rainfall or create a water curtain effect with high definition.[34] The system comprises a plurality of drip tubes (potentially thousands) suspended from a tank. These tubes typically have a small inner diameter (e.g., 1/16 inch) and are spaced closely together (e.g., 1/4 inch apart), often arranged in multiple rows. A ballast mechanism within the tank controls the displacement of fluid (typically water), causing it to periodically flow through the tubes and form droplets. This creates a curtain of falling droplets that can be modulated to form patterns or simple images.
• CA2581459A1 "Water screen apparatus" (Assignee likely WET or a related entity): This patent focuses on a system for producing scrolling water-formed images and text by modulating falling water droplets.[33] It details the use of individually controlled high-speed water nozzles that can alternate rapidly between open and closed states (potentially up to 200 times per second). This rapid modulation forms a continuous "matrix" of horizontal water dots, likened to a dot-matrix printer, capable of displaying clearly visible graphical images. The patent also mentions the capability to translate common graphical file formats (like.jpg,.gif) into monochrome, pixel-formatted images suitable for water display and synchronization with other media systems.
These patented approaches represent distinct technological pathways to achieving "digital water" effects. The "High definition rain curtain" seems geared towards creating fine droplet textures and patterns, while the "Water screen apparatus" aims for more explicit graphical and textual displays through a pixel-like matrix of water.
A notable application of advanced digital water technology is the "Surreal" water feature at Expo 2020 in Dubai. This installation incorporated an infrared camera, projection, and a water-tracking system, for which WET personnel hold a patent.[35] This system allowed for interactive capabilities, moving beyond pre-programmed displays to features that can respond to their environment or audience, representing a significant step in complexity and engagement.
It is important to differentiate WET Design's proprietary technologies from other commercially available digital water curtain systems. For instance, the "PIXEL FALL" system by Laser System Europe (LSE) [36], the "Digital Water Printer" by Wordfall/Water Display Krystian Filar [37], and systems by Luminous Showtech (Hydra-Tech) [38] and Saferain [39] are products from different companies, each with their own specifications and features.
3.6. Ice Formation and Sculpting Features (Glacia™)
WET Design has ventured into the elemental realm of ice, creating dynamic features that form and sculpt ice in choreographed sequences. The most prominent example is the Glacia™ installation at the Crystals retail district in CityCenter, Las Vegas, touted as the world's first choreographed ice feature.[1, 10, 12]
The Glacia™ system produces customizable pillars of ice that can rise up to 15 feet tall.[12] A key innovation is the ability to control the visual properties of the ice itself; by managing the amount of aeration during the freezing process, WET can create ice columns that range from perfectly clear, like glass, to a frosty, opaque white.[40]
Once formed, these ice pillars are "magically whittled into intricate, three dimensional patterns".[12] This sculpting process can involve the use of tiny, high-powered water jets, likened to a "dot-matrix printer" for ice, that carve the columns as they emerge.[3] The system allows for complex sequences where an ice column can be brought up, carved into a shape, retracted, over-frozen with a clear layer of ice, and then brought up again for further carving into a different shape.[40] This demonstrates a sophisticated control over both the ice formation and its subsequent shaping.
Furthermore, the Glacia™ features are designed to interact with their environment. The ice pillars "transmogrify by exposure to the air," with their form changing depending on factors like humidity and air currents.[10] This introduces an element of organic, unpredictable transformation, making each viewing experience potentially unique and highlighting WET's approach of embracing natural processes as part of the artistic expression.
While specific patents for Glacia™ or WET's ice sculpting mechanisms are not explicitly detailed in the provided materials (a general patent for ice sculpture molds, US4971737A by Infanti Chair Manufacturing Corp. [41], appears unrelated to WET's dynamic process), the technology is consistently described as highly innovative and unique.[10] The engineering challenges involve precise control of refrigeration, the freezing process, and the mechanical systems for raising, lowering, and sculpting the ice.
3.7. Integrated Fire and Water Features
WET Design has boldly integrated the contrasting elements of fire and water, creating spectacular and emotionally charged effects. These features juxtapose the fluidity and coolness of water with the intensity and heat of flame, resulting in visually arresting displays.
A key device in this category is the FireShooter™. This is a submersible unit designed to be installed within the basin of a water feature. During a show sequence, the FireShooter™ lifts its nozzle above the water surface and projects a fireball, typically around three feet tall, fueled by propane or natural gas.[42] Development efforts for newer versions of the FireShooter™ have focused on simplifying the lift mechanism, creating a more compact nozzle design for improved manufacturability, and sourcing piping components to enhance the longevity of the assemblies.[42] Fifteen new FireShooter™ units were reportedly manufactured for an upcoming WET project as of the information in.[42]
Beyond the FireShooter™, WET has conceptualized and built other fire-water interactions. These include effects such as a "twister of water with fire running through its middle," or a column of water that appears to have a flame burning inside it, an effect so nuanced that a hand can reportedly be passed through it carefully.[2, 3, 10] Mark Fuller has spoken about using such combinations to make audiences see these familiar elements as if for the first time, evoking a childlike sense of wonder.[9]
The integration of fire was temporarily featured in The Dubai Fountain for a New Year's celebration in 2011, outlining the existing water displays with flame.[23, 24] Other WET installations incorporating fire include the transformed Mirage Volcano in Las Vegas [1], the features at City Creek Center in Salt Lake City [1], and the choreographed water and fire features at Shanghai Daning.[43]
While WET holds numerous patents related to lighting, water flow, and compressed air systems, which may cover certain aspects of fire integration [4], specific patents solely dedicated to their entertainment-focused fire-water combination devices are not explicitly detailed in the provided research. (It is important to note that patents like CN103394433A for a "Water-fire fountain" by HJC Fountain Equipment Co Ltd [44], and WO2016018827A1 for a "Wet fire protection system" [45], are unrelated to WET Design's aesthetic fire features). The engineering of these systems, particularly submersible devices like the FireShooter™, involves considerable challenges related to safety, reliable ignition, fuel delivery in proximity to water and electrical systems, and durability.
3.8. Specialized Lighting Technologies
Illumination is a critical component of WET Design's features, transforming water displays into vibrant nocturnal spectacles and enhancing their visibility and impact even in daylight. Recognizing the unique demands of illuminating dynamic water effects in harsh underwater environments, WET has developed proprietary lighting solutions.
A significant advancement was the engineering and in-house manufacturing of what were, at the time of their debut in 2012 for the Performance Lake at Wynn Macau, the world's brightest (280 watt) underwater LED lights.[1] This development underscores their commitment to custom lighting solutions tailored to their specific needs. For the "Halo" feature at CityCenter Las Vegas, WET utilized underwater High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lights to accentuate the bending water vortices.[10] The San Pedro Gateway fountains employ "pico lighting," though further details on this specific type are not provided.[18]
The scale of lighting in WET's major installations is considerable. The Dubai Fountain is equipped with 6,600 underwater lights and 25 colored projectors.[4, 23, 24] The Fountains of Bellagio utilize over 4,792 individual white lights [20] (another source mentions over 5,000 575-watt lights [21]). The choice of lighting, such as Steve Wynn's preference for white lights at Bellagio for a more elegant aesthetic versus the vibrant, pure colors achieved in features like CityCenter's "Lumia," is a key design decision that profoundly affects the mood and visual impact of the fountain.[10, 20]
WET's innovations in lighting are also protected by patents. The company holds numerous patents, some of which pertain specifically to lighting technologies.[1] US Patent 6,196,471B1, titled "Apparatus for creating a multi-colored illuminated waterfall or water fountain," provides a concrete example of their patented lighting integration.[46] This patent describes a system where an LED light emitting circuit board wafer strip, featuring multiple colored LED bulbs, is disposed within a clear protective tube inside a waterfall vessel or juxtaposed to a clear lens within a fountain tee. A controller circuit then activates predetermined arrays of these different colored LEDs in specific sequences and at timed intervals, creating the appearance of changing colors in the water flow itself. This integration of light directly with the water-producing elements is a hallmark of WET's approach.
3.9. Atmospheric Fog Generation Systems
Atmospheric fog is another elemental layer WET Design incorporates to enhance the sensory experience of their water features. These systems produce a fine mist or fog that can create an aura of mystery, capture and diffuse light, and add texture to the overall visual composition.
The fog system at the Fountains of Bellagio is a notable example, operating at a high pressure of 2,000 psi.[19] It utilizes 5,000 individual fog emitters, each flowing 0.05 gallons per minute through a minuscule 0.006-inch diameter orifice. This system is designed to produce a substantial fog effect that "captures light and decorates the base of the display in a white cloud".[19] Similarly, the Olympic Cauldron water feature in Sochi incorporates programmable mist designed to accentuate the "mysterious and mesmerizing atmosphere" of the show, and this mist can also be illuminated with colorful light.[22]
These examples indicate that fog is not merely a standalone effect but is used strategically by WET to complement other elements like lighting and water forms, contributing to the overall mood and grandeur of their large-scale productions. While specific patents for WET's fog generation systems are not detailed in the provided information beyond general patents covering water control [1], the technology is clearly an established part of their extensive repertoire. (It is worth noting that unrelated technologies, such as electrostatic fog harvesting mentioned in [47], are distinct from WET's aesthetic fog generation).
3.10. Other Proprietary Devices and Technologies
Beyond the primary categories of nozzles and elemental effects, WET Design's portfolio includes a range of other innovative systems and technologies that contribute to the uniqueness of their installations.
Water Walls: WET has created several distinctive water wall features that explore the interaction of water with various surfaces and structures: • "Focus" (CityCenter, Las Vegas): Described as WET's widest, curved water wall, this 240-foot-long feature is constructed from highly textured stone or slate cubes. It employs tiny, energy-efficient air balloons to push water across the surface in varying, sweeping patterns, creating a calming, ocean-like timbre.[10, 12]
• "Latisse" (CityCenter, Las Vegas): This installation consists of a series of two-story-high water walls made from thick, textured glass. Brilliant white light illuminates these sloping glass planes, producing an effect likened to an elegant, floor-to-ceiling liquid chandelier.[10, 12]
• "Luminous" (W Hotels Guangzhou): A three-story tall water wall composed of a thinly-woven metal screen. Water runs down this screen at different programmed rates and is illuminated by 5,000 color-changing LEDs.[1]
• The Las Vegas CityCenter is also credited with featuring the "world's widest programmable water wall".[1]
Pop Jets: While detailed specifications for WET's own Pop Jet nozzles are sparse in the provided information beyond a general mention as one of their created nozzle types [10], the Shanghai Daning project explicitly includes a feature named "POP".[43] Generally, pop jets are known for creating sudden, distinct bursts or balls of water, often used in interactive play fountains. (It is important to distinguish WET's devices from those of other manufacturers like Fontana [48] or Rain Drop [49], whose products offer context on typical pop jet effects).
Transparent In-Floor Elements: An early innovation, designed for the Gas Company Tower in Los Angeles, featured transparent in-floor sections with water displays on their underside. This allowed the public to walk directly over the illuminated water effects, integrating the feature into the building's architecture in a unique way.[1]
VirtualWET™ Software: This proprietary 3D particle model simulation tool is crucial for WET's design and choreography process. It allows designers to choreograph complex water movements to music and generate the real-time stream of data required to control the sophisticated robotic nozzles and other actuated elements in their fountains.[10, 29, 30]
AI-Enabled Interactive Fountains: Representing a significant technological leap, WET has deployed Artificial Intelligence in recent projects. This AI system can synthesize large amounts of visual data captured by cameras near the fountain, analyze it for factors like location and height of guest movements, and then direct the nozzles, lights, and other effects to mimic these movements in real-time.[50] This creates a deeply interactive experience without requiring guests to use additional hardware like wands or touchpads. This technology has been implemented at EpicCentral in Grand Prairie, TX, and Mountain View Village in Riverton, UT. The system at Mountain View Village, named Illuvia, features air-fired jets and robotic nozzles propelling water over 60 feet, with the AI system added to enhance guest engagement.[50] This move towards AI-driven interactivity signals a potential future direction for WET, focusing on personalized and dynamically evolving water experiences that can also offer practical benefits like foot traffic data collection or energy savings during periods of inactivity.[50]
General Underwater Robotic Systems: Beyond the specifically named Oarsmen, WET is known to employ "sophisticated underwater robots".[1] This broader category may encompass other automated underwater mechanisms that contribute to the complex choreography of their features.
These varied technologies demonstrate WET's continuous innovation, extending from individual nozzle design to comprehensive integrated systems that include unique material interactions, sophisticated software for choreography, and advanced AI for real-time interactivity.
4. Showcase Installations: Device Deployment and Performance
WET Design's technological innovations are most vividly demonstrated in their large-scale, iconic installations around the world. These projects serve as showcases for their diverse portfolio of fountain devices, often deployed in impressive quantities and configurations to achieve unparalleled aquatic performances.
4.1. Fountains of Bellagio, Las Vegas, USA (1998)
The Fountains of Bellagio are arguably one of WET Design's most famous creations, set within an 8.5-acre man-made lake in front of the Bellagio resort.[20] The original cost was reported to be in the $30 million range.[10] The fountain system comprises 1,214 water nozzles and 4,792 lights, all choreographed to music using WET's proprietary VirtualWET™ software.[10, 20] Power is supplied by ten primary compressors [20], with one source indicating twelve 100HP Sullair compressors.[21]
Featured Devices at Bellagio: • Oarsmen®: Reports on quantity vary, with [20] stating 208 units and [21] mentioning 77 units. These robotic nozzles shoot water 77 feet high and move 140 gallons per minute each.[20] The original Oarsmen were created by Sarcos.[20]
• MiniShooters™: 798 units are installed, capable of shooting water to heights of 100 feet [19, 20] or 120 feet.[21]
• SuperShooters™: The installation includes 192 SuperShooters that propel water to heights of 240 feet [19, 20] or 220 feet.[21] Each SuperShooter is equipped with a 12-foot tall, 12-inch diameter water tank connected to a 200 psi, 60-gallon air receiver.[19]
• Extreme Shooters™ (XtreamShooters™): Added in 2005, there are 16 of these powerful devices, capable of shooting water up to 460 feet high.[19, 20, 21]
• Fog System: A high-pressure fog system operating at 2,000 psi with 5,000 emitters enhances the display.[19]
• Lighting: The fountains are illuminated by 4,792 white lights [20] (or over 5,000 575-watt lights according to [21]).
4.2. The Dubai Fountain, Dubai, UAE (2009)
Recognized as the world's largest performing fountain system, The Dubai Fountain is situated on the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake.[1, 23, 24] Designed by WET, it is 275 meters (902 ft) long and cost approximately AED 800 million (US$218 million) to build.[23, 24] The system is illuminated by 6,600 lights and 25 colored projectors.[4, 23, 24]
Featured Devices at The Dubai Fountain: • The fountain employs a variety of WET's high-pressure water jets, including Shooters, Oarsmen, and devices referred to as "water robots" that make the water appear to dance.[23, 24]
• SuperShooters™: These jets can shoot water under pressure up to 73 meters (240 feet) in the air.[23, 24]
• Extreme Shooters™ (XtreamShooters™): These are WET's most powerful jets used in this installation, capable of shooting water under extreme pressure to heights of up to 500 feet (152.4 meters), or 50 stories.[3, 23, 24, 27, 28]
• Robotic Water Jets: The Dubai Fountain incorporates what are described as WET's "most sophisticated submarine, robotic water jets ever developed".[27]
• Projected Light: An innovative use of projected light allows the fountain to exhibit painted images on its dynamic water forms.[3, 27]
• A temporary fire element was added to outline the fountains for the New Year 2011 celebrations.[23, 24]
4.3. CityCenter Features, Las Vegas, USA (2009)
For the CityCenter development in Las Vegas, WET Design created five distinct and highly innovative water features, showcasing a broad range of their technological capabilities.[1, 12, 51]
Featured Devices/Installations at CityCenter: • Lumia™ (Aria Resort & Casino): This feature is a reinvention of WET's axisymmetric laminar flow arcs. "Lumia" infuses these perfectly smooth arcs with pure, intense color, visible even in bright sunlight, and choreographs them to collide with remarkable precision. It creates effects described as "twisting rainbowed ribbons and bold water sparks".[10, 12]
• Glacia™ (Crystals retail district): Hailed as the world's first choreographed ice feature, Glacia™ presents customizable pillars of ice that rise as tall as 15 feet. These ice columns are intricately sculpted, often by water jets, into three-dimensional patterns and are bathed in mesmerizing spectral light. The ice forms can also transmogrify due to ambient air conditions.[1, 10, 12, 40]
• Focus™ (Aria Resort & Casino entrance): This is WET's widest curved water wall, spanning 240 feet. It is constructed of highly textured stone or slate mosaic cubes, and utilizes tiny, energy-efficient air balloons to push water across its surface in sweeping, ocean-like patterns.[10, 12]
• Latisse™ (Aria Resort & Casino north entrance): Soaring as a series of two-story-high water walls, Latisse™ is composed purely of thick, textured glass. Brilliant white light illuminates the sloping glass planes, creating the effect of an elegant, floor-to-ceiling liquid chandelier.[10, 12]
• Halo™ (Crystals retail district): This feature presents an unexpected and mystifying experience with tipped and twisting water vortices. It utilizes what were described as the world's first underwater HID (High-Intensity Discharge) lights to accent these spinning water forms, allowing guests to interact closely with the water while staying dry.[10, 12]
4.4. HSBC Rain Vortex, Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore (2019)
The HSBC Rain Vortex, located at the heart of the Jewel Changi Airport, is the world's tallest indoor waterfall, standing at an impressive 130 feet (40 meters) tall.[1, 52, 53] WET Design served as the water feature consultant for this monumental project.[52, 53]
The Rain Vortex is not only a visual spectacle but also incorporates sustainable design elements. It is engineered to collect rainwater from the airport's roof. During the region's frequent and powerful thunderstorms, this recirculated natural rainwater can flow at more than 10,000 gallons per minute, contributing to the cooling and airflow within the indoor landscape environment. The collected rainwater is also reused within the building.[3, 53] By night, the Rain Vortex transforms into a captivating light and sound show.[53]
4.5. Olympic Park Fountains
WET Design has been commissioned for several high-profile Olympic Games projects, creating signature water features that become central symbols of the events.
• The Waters of the Olympic Park, Sochi, Russia (2014 Winter Olympics): Located in the Sochi Medals Plaza, this colorful choreographed fountain featured a basin holding approximately 700,000 gallons of water. The design was intended to reveal the five Olympic rings within its performances, set to a soundtrack of famous Russian composers.[1, 22] The installation included 264 jets, each equipped with light.
- Vertical Jets: Lit with an intense palette of colors, visible even in daylight.
- Finger Fan Oarsmen®: 12 units, described as rotating water fan display nozzles, lit with white light, reaching a height of approximately 9 meters.
- MiniShooters™: 246 units, with a maximum jet height of approximately 30 meters.
- HyperShooters™: 6 units, capable of shooting water up to 70 meters.
- The feature also included programmable mist and "Strobe Stars" to create a twinkling night sky effect.[22]
• Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics Cauldron: This iconic cauldron featured a 120-foot tower of reflective glass panels, uniquely integrating both water and fire elements. Tiny jets sent water cascading down the glass sides, which served to cool and clean the panels while creating the visual effect of melting ice.[1, 7]
4.6. Other Significant Installations
WET Design's portfolio includes numerous other projects that have introduced or showcased their key technologies:
• Fountain Place, Dallas, Texas (1986): WET's first major project, notable for the inaugural use of their patented open-jointed paving, where water appears to shoot directly from the plaza surface.[1, 3, 7]
• Seto Ohashi Exhibition, Sakaide City, Japan (1988): This installation marked the introduction of WET's first patented shooter, the MiniShooter™.[1]
• International Fountain, Seattle Center, Washington (1995 redesign): Originally built for the 1962 World's Fair, WET redesigned this fountain. It features 137 mist nozzles, 77 fleur-de-lis nozzles, 56 MicroShooters™, and 4 SuperShooters™ (capable of 120-foot height, 66 gallons per shot, 120 psi air pressure).[1, 16, 17, 54]
• San Pedro Gateway, Port of Los Angeles (Fanfare, Reflection, Interactive) (2008): These water features utilize a proprietary WET Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) system to control Oarsmen®, MiniShooters™, other controllers, and pico lighting. These components are stated to be under a WET patent "without expiration," restricting their operation and maintenance to WET.[18]
• Global Trade Center, Beijing, China (2010): This project premiered WET's WaterBells™, a technology that manipulates laminar flow to create dome-shaped sheets of water.[1]
• Expo 2020 Water Feature ("Surreal"), Dubai, UAE (2021): An advanced interactive water feature incorporating an infrared camera, projection technology, and a water-tracking system, for which WET personnel hold a patent.[1, 35]
These installations, spanning several decades, illustrate WET's consistent innovation and their ability to deploy a wide range of proprietary devices to create unique and memorable water experiences. The continuous drive to create "world's first" or "world's largest/tallest" features is a recurring theme, solidifying their reputation for cutting-edge design and engineering.
| Installation Name & Location | Year | Primary WET Devices/Technologies Deployed | Specific Quantities/Performance Highlights |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fountain Place, Dallas, TX, USA | 1986 | Open-Jointed Paving | First use of this patented technology |
| Seto Ohashi Exhibition, Sakaide City, Japan | 1988 | MiniShooter™ | Introduction of the MiniShooter™ |
| International Fountain, Seattle, WA, USA | 1995 (Redesign) | MicroShooters™, SuperShooters™, Mist Nozzles, Fleur-de-lis Nozzles | 56 MicroShooters™, 4 SuperShooters™ (120 ft height) |
| Fountains of Bellagio, Las Vegas, NV, USA | 1998 | Oarsmen®, MiniShooters™, SuperShooters™, Extreme Shooters™ (added 2005), Fog System, Custom Lighting, VirtualWET™ | 1,214 nozzles total; Extreme Shooters™ up to 460 ft |
| Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics Cauldron, UT, USA | 2002 | Integrated Water & Fire, Glass Panel Water Flow | 120-ft tower, "melting ice" effect |
| San Pedro Gateway Fountains, Port of Los Angeles, CA, USA | 2008 | Oarsmen®, MiniShooters™, Pico Lighting, Proprietary VFD Control | Components under WET patent "without expiration" |
| The Dubai Fountain, Dubai, UAE | 2009 | XtreamShooters™ (Extreme Shooters™), SuperShooters™, Oarsmen®, "Water Robots", Projected Light, Custom Lighting | World's largest performing fountain; XtreamShooters™ up to 500 ft |
| CityCenter Features (Lumia™, Glacia™, Focus™, Latisse™, Halo™), Las Vegas, NV, USA | 2009 | Laminar Flow (Lumia™), Ice Formation/Sculpting (Glacia™), Water Walls (Focus™, Latisse™), Water Vortices with HID lighting (Halo™) | World's first choreographed ice feature (Glacia™); unique material interactions |
| Global Trade Center, Beijing, China | 2010 | WaterBells™ (Laminar Flow) | Premiered WaterBells™ technology |
| The Waters of the Olympic Park, Sochi, Russia | 2014 | Hypershooters™, MiniShooters™, Finger Fan Oarsmen®, Programmable Mist, Strobe Stars | 264 jets; Hypershooters™ up to 70m |
| HSBC Rain Vortex, Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore | 2019 | Large-scale Indoor Waterfall Technology, Rainwater Harvesting, Light/Sound Show | World's tallest indoor waterfall (130 ft) |
| Expo 2020 Water Feature ("Surreal"), Dubai, UAE | 2021 | Interactive Digital Water, Infrared Camera, Projection, Water-Tracking System | Advanced interactive capabilities |
5. Analysis of WET Design's Patent Portfolio
WET Design's sustained leadership in the water feature industry is significantly underpinned by a robust and strategically developed intellectual property (IP) portfolio. The company reportedly holds more than 60 patents, with some sources citing over 50, covering a wide range of innovations in lighting, water control, and particularly, specialty fountain devices that leverage compressed air technology.[1, 4, 7] This extensive patenting activity is a clear indicator that their technological advancements are not merely artistic embellishments but core, protectable engineering solutions.
Several key technological areas are consistently highlighted in relation to WET's patents: • Laminar Flow Nozzles: As evidenced by US Patent 4,795,092A, "Laminar flow nozzle," invented by Mark Fuller, this foundational technology for creating smooth, glass-like water streams is legally protected.[1, 11]
• Air-Powered Water Displays (Shooters): A series of patents, including US Patent 4,852,801A "Airpowered water displays," US Patent 4,955,540A "Water displays," and US Patent 4,978,066A "Fast acting airpowered water displays," all with Mark Fuller and Alan S. Robinson as inventors, form the IP basis for WET's diverse Shooter lineup.[1, 13] These patents cover the mechanisms for using compressed air to eject water in high-energy, transient streams.
• Water Screens and Digital Water Effects: Innovations in creating images and patterns with water are covered by patents such as WO1996004080A1 for a "High definition rain curtain" (Applicant: Wet Design) and CA2581459A1 for a "Water screen apparatus".[33, 34] These protect methods for generating droplet-based curtains and pixelated water displays.
• Illuminated Water Features: US Patent 6,196,471B1, "Apparatus for creating a multi-colored illuminated waterfall or water fountain," details methods for integrating LED lighting directly with water flow elements, showcasing WET's IP in specialized lighting.[46]
• Motion-Controlled/Robotic Nozzles: While specific patent numbers for Oarsmen® are not always explicitly cited in general articles, these devices are consistently described as proprietary. Documentation concerning the San Pedro Gateway fountains explicitly states that the Oarsmen® and associated control systems are under a WET "patent without expiration," highlighting their protected status.[18]
• Open-Jointed Paving: The system allowing water to emerge from plaza surfaces is also patented, forming another area of WET's protected technology.[1]
Mark Fuller's role as an inventor is central to this patent portfolio. His name appears on several of the foundational patents, particularly for laminar flow and air-powered display technologies, directly linking his early research and development work to the company's legally protected innovations.[1, 6, 7, 11, 13] This demonstrates that Fuller is not only a conceptual visionary but also a hands-on technical contributor to WET's IP.
The strategic importance of this intellectual property cannot be overstated. It provides WET Design with a significant competitive advantage, allowing them to offer unique features and systems that cannot be easily replicated by competitors. This IP "moat" is crucial for securing high-value, landmark projects where clients seek unparalleled and exclusive water experiences. The assertion that certain WET components can only be serviced by WET itself due to their proprietary nature further underscores the strength of their IP position.[18] While the term "patent without expiration" is unusual (as utility patents typically have a limited term), it likely refers to a combination of enduring patent protection on core aspects, trade secrets related to operation and maintenance, and potentially design patents or continually evolving improvements that extend practical exclusivity.
| Patent Number | Title | Lead Inventor(s) | Issue/Pub. Date | Core Technology/Device Covered | Brief Description of Key Claim/Innovation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nozzle design for producing a smooth, coherent, laminar stream of fluid. | |||||
| System using compressed air to eject water from an enclosure in transient, high-energy streams with variable height control and auto-refill. | |||||
| Further developments or specific embodiments of air-powered water display technology. | |||||
| Enhancements for rapid actuation in air-powered water displays. | |||||
| Water display with multiple drip tubes and a ballast system to create droplets simulating rainfall or a water curtain. Specifies tube dimensions and spacing. | |||||
| Integration of LED light strips within clear tubes in waterfalls or juxtaposed to lenses in fountains, with controller for sequenced color changes. | |||||
| System using individually controlled high-speed nozzles to modulate falling water droplets, creating pixelated images and text. |
This portfolio demonstrates a strategic and ongoing effort by WET Design to innovate and protect its unique technological capabilities, solidifying its position as a leader in the specialized field of advanced water feature design.
6. Conclusion and Future Outlook
WET Design has profoundly influenced the landscape of architectural water features, transforming them from static installations into dynamic, choreographed performances that engage and captivate audiences worldwide. Their major technological achievements, including the pioneering of practical and aesthetic laminar flow, the development of a versatile range of powerful compressed air-driven Shooters, the introduction of sophisticated multi-axis robotic Oarsmen®, and the seamless integration of elemental forces like fire and ice, represent decades of dedicated innovation. The company's ability to make water itself the primary artistic medium, often with all mechanics hidden, has set a new standard for water feature design.
The impact of WET's work is evident in numerous iconic public spaces and entertainment venues, where their creations often become signature attractions and powerful placemakers. Projects like the Fountains of Bellagio, The Dubai Fountain, and the HSBC Rain Vortex at Jewel Changi Airport are not merely amenities but global destinations, demonstrating the significant value WET's technological artistry brings to high-profile developments.
Looking ahead, WET Design appears poised to continue its trajectory of innovation. Several trends emerge from their recent work and stated ambitions: • Enhanced Interactivity and Immersion: The deployment of AI-driven interactive fountains, as seen at EpicCentral and Mountain View Village [50], and patented technologies for interactive projection and water-tracking systems [35] suggest a strong focus on creating more personalized, responsive, and immersive experiences. Mark Fuller's aspiration to move from controlling thousands of jets to "tens of thousands" further indicates a push towards even greater complexity and immersion.[5]
• Elemental and Material Exploration: The continued development of features combining water with fire, ice, specialized lighting, and unique architectural materials (like the textured stone in "Focus" or glass in "Latisse") indicates an ongoing exploration of elemental contrasts and material interactions to create novel aesthetic effects.[1, 10]
• Sophistication in Control and Choreography: The proprietary VirtualWET™ software is a cornerstone of their design process [29, 30], and future developments will likely focus on even more intricate and nuanced control systems, enabling more complex and subtle choreographic possibilities.
• Sustainability and Practical Integration: While renowned for spectacle, WET has also demonstrated an interest in incorporating sustainable practices, such as the rainwater harvesting system for the Jewel Changi Rain Vortex [3, 53], and exploring energy-efficient systems.[10] Mark Fuller has also mentioned an interest in using features to clean gray water or integrate solar power.[2] Furthermore, the potential for AI-enabled fountains to provide practical benefits like foot traffic data collection or wayfinding suggests a broadening of their value proposition beyond pure aesthetics into areas like smart city applications and efficient venue management.[50]
In essence, WET Design's journey from pioneering laminar flow to orchestrating vast, multi-sensory aquatic ballets reflects a deep understanding of fluid dynamics, mechanical engineering, control systems, and artistic composition. Their extensive patent portfolio safeguards their innovations, while their commitment to pushing the boundaries of what is possible with water, light, and other elements ensures their continued influence on the future of environmental art and entertainment. The company's ability to make the ordinary extraordinary, transforming water into a medium for profound public connection and wonder, will likely define its legacy for years to come.
